Knowledge about the current status of nanomaterials

Nanomaterials refer to materials with at least one dimension in the three-dimensional space on the order of nanometers. Nanomaterials can generally be divided into three categories: zero-dimensional materials, one-dimensional materials, and two-dimensional materials according to their structure. Bulk materials formed at the nanometer scale in three dimensions are called zero-dimensional nanomaterials, also called nanoparticles.

Current status of nanomaterials
The basic theoretical research of nanotechnology and the development of new materials and other applied researches have been developed rapidly. And it has been widely used in traditional materials, medical equipment, electronic equipment, coatings, and other industries. In terms of industrial development, with the exception of the initial large-scale production of nano-powder materials in a few countries, including the United States, Japan, and China, products such as nano-bio materials, nano-electronic device materials, and nano-medical diagnostic materials are still in the development stage. Several products such as nanometer calcium carbonate, nanometer zinc oxide, and nanometer silicon oxide in nanometer powder materials have formed a certain market scale. Materials such as nano-ceramic materials, nano-textile materials, and nano-modified coatings, which are widely used in nano-powders, have also been successfully developed, and industrial production has been initially realized. The application of nano-powder particles in the fields of medical diagnostic preparations and microelectronics is accelerating the shift from experimental research results to product industrial production.
The difference between metal nanoparticles and metal nanoclusters
First, the particle size of the nanoclusters is smaller than that of the gold nanoparticles. Under the strong quantum effect, the nanoclusters can show fluorescence in the visible region, and the luminous efficiency is much higher than that of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles can produce surface plasmon resonance again, but nanoclusters generally do not. Gold nanoclusters are a new type of fluorescent nanomaterials composed of a few to about one hundred gold atoms, which have received extensive attention in recent years. The diameter of gold nanoclusters is usually less than 2nm, and nature is between isolated atoms and nanoparticles. Fluorescent gold nanoclusters are a new type of very small, biocompatible phosphor, which can be used in biomarkers and photoelectron emitters. In addition, the newly developed technology can easily synthesize water-soluble fluorescent metal nanoclusters on various biocompatible scaffolds, which have adjustable emission colors and different ligands. The most notable feature is that some nanoclusters have strong luminescence characteristics and exhibit good light stability, high emission efficiency, and large Stokes shift.